Biography of classmate - Jim Brooks - 1483 Words

Jim Brooks: The Baseball Player I am a nerd! was the answer of Jim Brooks upon being asked How would you describe yourself?. Sitting sideways at her desk, Mrs. Gatewood laughed as she talked to another student. The others in the background appeared engaged in their own excited conversations about who did what at the mall. Jim, on the other hand, looked down at his questionnaire and wondered How long would this really take? I looked at him and he signaled me to come to the back seats. Wearily walking to the back, Jim pulled up the sleeves of his yellow polo shirt and sat down on the chair. It was 1:19 pm and the temperature was around 60 degrees Fahrenheit as I could feel the cold air, through the opened crack in the glass window,†¦show more content†¦In addition, Jim has many hobbies and interests, which include playing sports and collecting miniatures. With the volleyball season approaching, he wishes to tryout for the volleyball team of our school. His favorite sports include baseball, which he has been playing since the past 9 years and soccer, which has been his favorite sport since kindergarten. In his free time, he also prefers to play racquetball and golf. On being questioned about his hobbies, the athlete replies, I have 6000 baseball cards. Jim has had the passion for collecting miniatures, baseball cards and autographs since he was a kid. His favorite baseball player is Barry Bonds of the Giants team. Im sort of crazy so I have 3 posters of him, one of which is life size, in my room, three plaques with cards, and an autographed ball with his signature. I also make a good babysitter he said when we talked about his jobs; he likes to baby-sit his neighbor, little Sam. The money that he earns from his day to day job is spent on video games and all kinds of DVDs. As a result, Jim is a good athlete, who is interested in baseball and collections of miniatures. After discussing his hobbies and family life, I learned about the favorites of this Science Award winner. Jim is highly interested in Japanese culture and believes Its authentic and really cool. He loves to eat Japanese food, especially sushi with rice; which is indeed a mouth watering dish. His favoriteShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesfather, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall3 93164 Words   |  1573 PagesBochenek, Elmhurst College Alicia Boisnier, State University of New York William H. Bommer, Cleveland State University Bryan Bonner, University of Utah Jessica Bradley, Clemson University Dr. Jerry Bream, Empire State College/ Niagara Frontier Center Jim Breaugh, University of Missouri Peggy Brewer, Eastern Kentucky University Deborah Brown, North Carolina State University Reginald Bruce, University of Louisville Jeff Bruns, Bacone College Pamela Buckle, Adelphi University Patricia Buhler, Goldey-BeacomRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesof Trustees. What will you plan to say to Mr. Dewey? Now switch roles and imagine that you are Melvil Dewey. How would you justify your actions to the board? The information for this case was taken from Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996), chap. 4. tHe HuManistic aPProacH During the 1930s, management studies began to give more attention to the concerns of individuals working in organizations. No longer were workers

Jfk, An American Thriller Directed By Oliver Stone

JFK, an American thriller directed by Oliver Stone, arrived in theaters in December of 1991. The movie scrutinizes the series of events that culminated in the shooting of President John F. Kennedy and the ensuing cover-up perceived through the eyes of former New Orleans District Attorney, Jim Garrison, who is played by renowned American actor, Kevin Costner. Some years following President Kennedy’s assassination, Jim Garrison filed charges against New Orleans entrepreneur Clay Shaw, who is played by actor Tommy Lee Jones. Clay Shaw was accused of allegedly conspiring against and contributing to a plot to murder President John F. Kennedy, for which Lee Harvey Oswald, portrayed by Gary Oldman, was found to be the assassin by two government†¦show more content†¦JFK was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won two awards, one for best cinematography and the other for best film editing. The opening of the film starts off with media footage, including the farewell address in 1961 of outgoing President Dwight Eisenhower warning about the build-up of the military-industrial complex. Following thereafter, a summary of John F. Kennedy’s years as president, emphasizing the events that, in Stone s thesis, would lead up to his assassination. As the movie progresses it builds to a reconstruction of the assassination on November 22, 1963. New Orleans District Attorney, Jim Garrison had doubts about the events that led up to and followed John F. Kennedy’s assassination. Garrison learned about possible leads that could have participated in the assassination of Kennedy through mutual acquaintances but he and his team were forced to abandon further investigation into those leads because Lee Harvey Oswald was detained as the assassin that killed the President. Unfortunately, before any real truth could be revealed about Oswald’s part in the assassination he wa s shot and killed by Jack Ruby. After Lee Harvey Oswald was killed, Jack Ruby was detained by the FBI and was not allowed to have visitors. Jim Garrison and his team decided to cease the investigation despite the fact that they felt uneasy about how the events revolved around President Kennedy’s

Blood brother review Essay Example For Students

Blood brother review Essay Willy Russell wrote Blood Brothers in 1981, at the time of an economic downfall. He manages to integrate the idea of classical nature of tragedy with the modern class debate. Russell mixes the two, by inventing two characters, twins, who are separated at birth by a mother trying to do best for her children, by giving one to a better-off family. But as always in these plays events never go as planned and Fate continuously puts the characters in dramatic situations. This essay will discuss the way in which Russell combines superstition and class in both the structure of the play and the ways it is brought out in performance.  The begins in the early 60s and revolves around two boys, Mickey Johnstone and Eddie Lyons both from different backgrounds, one from a well off family (The Lyons) and one from quite a poor but happy family (The Johnstones). The two boys become friends at the age of seven; we then watch them grow into adults. But there is a secret that Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons hold; Eddie is the twin of Mickey, who was given away at birth to an infertile Mrs Lyons. As the two grow up they become very close and are even in love with the same girl (Linda) Mickey gets into a bit of trouble when hes older and is sent to prison, after getting out he is very depressed and Linda starts having an affair with Eddie, something that she regrets but she just wanted to feel loved. When Mickey finds he sets out on a mission to find his friend, with Mrs Johnstone and Linda hurrying after him, in a last ditch attempt to stop Mickey from Killing his twin, Mrs Johnstone finally tells the brothers the truth, but drastic consequences come to pass. Aristotle proposes that all tragedies must revolve around a tragic hero. In the case of Blood Brothers, Mrs Johnstone takes on the role of the hero. Although Mrs Johnstone holds this title, it could be argued that later on in the production the two brothers, Edward and Mickey, take on this role.  In Blood Brothers the Narrator plays a pivotal part in revealing the part Mrs Johnstone plays. For instance at the start of the play he talks about how cruel and stone-hearted she is and then continues to interact with the audience by saying judge for yourselves, how she came to play this part. The word judge links back to the fact that this is a tragedy, as the audience is being asked to analyse the tragic hero for them selves, just like Aristotle proposed.  The Idea that the Narrator already knows what is going to happen suggests that we should blame superstition for what came to pass, as the Narrator is thought to represent Fate and predestination.  In most classical tragedies the life of the tragic hero spirals into misery and brings those around her with them. Where as in the case of Blood Brothers, there is a twist to this as the roles are switched as Mickey comes to play this part. His life slowly starts deteriorating, when he commits a crime to try and provide Linda with money. All we need is someone to keep the eye for us. Look at y Mickey, What have y got? Nothin, like me Mam. Where y takin y tart for New Year?  This is the point where Mickey makes the fatal error.  Where y takin y tart for New Year?, suggests that he is the tragic hero, doing the wrong thing for all the right reasons. Furthermore Mickey is the one that dies, not Mrs Johnstone, Implying the roles have switched. .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 , .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .postImageUrl , .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 , .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4:hover , .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4:visited , .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4:active { border:0!important; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4:active , .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4 .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f6732200b7b81c06c5ceea28e8dcba4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The complexity and workings of Hamlet's mind is an issue that scholars and critics have mused over for many years EssayMoreover, catharsis is created when you start to feel pity for Mrs Johnstone, the original Hero. We feel sorry for her, as we know her sons are going to die, because this is portrayed in the opening of the production. The audience has also witnessed the different love stories and strains, making them feel more involved.  Personally I think the Narrator plays a prime role in the production, in many different ways. Firstly I will discuss his performance on stage. The Narrator is always somewhere on the stage, whether it be lurking in the alleys or visible central stage. We, as the audience, are not told but we are given the impression that he cannot be seen by the characters on stage. Although, right through the play there are small moments where he hands the characters objects or gets in the way of a character on stage, consequently making eye contact with the characters, giving the perception he has been seen. Yet as soon as the narrator and characters loose eye contact, they seem to forget about seeing him and carry on with the activity they were previously doing. This implies that he is just a picture in the characters mind like a devil, something they didnt want to see so try to forget about seeing him and carry on. Furthermore the audience also get this feeling that he is the devil, as he sings the lyrics, You know the devils got your number, you know hes gonna find you, you know hes right behind you, hes staring through your window, hes knocking on your door. And while he is singing this he is staring through the window of the room that Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons are in and he looks as if he is about to knock of the door. For this reason the audience get the idea he is the devil, from the link between his actions and lyrics.  Nonetheless it could be disputed that he is not the devil as in some snippets of the play he sympathizes with certain characters. This is expressed when Linda is running after Mickey and he holds her back, as he represents predestination and knows something dreadful will happen if he lets her go.

Mayon the Origin Essay Essay Example

Mayon: the Origin Essay Essay Her unsullied luster can non be denied. The sight of her can take one’s breath off. She is merely beaming as she stands tall and expansive in the skyline. She is genuinely a 1 of a sort beauty that captivates anyone who pays her a visit. You have to be visually challenged to lose her glare. When she sleeps. she’s every bit soft as a babe but when she stirs. she could easy strike horror among the Black Marias of work forces. She is loved for her beauty and tranquility and spurned for her sometimes lifelessly and lay waste toing facet. This beauty is none other but the olympian Mt. Mayon which is located in the state of Albay in the Bicol part. It is known around the Earth for its flawless cone form. In some ways. she is like a diffident maiden who likes to conceal. utilizing the clouds above her like a head covering. We will write a custom essay sample on Mayon: the Origin Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mayon: the Origin Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mayon: the Origin Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Legendary Beginning The fable of Mt. Mayon goes around the tragic love narrative of a beautiful immature heroine named Daragang Magayon and a dauntless warrior. The fable has been narrated and passed on from coevals to coevals by the people of Albay. The fable has become a portion of the lives of the people populating in Daraga. Albay because Mt. Mayon plays an built-in portion in their beliefs. cultural patterns and celebrations. In fact. there’s an one-year festival called Magayon Festival which is celebrated every month of May. The festival relives the fable of Mount Mayon. Different versions of the beginning of the olympian Mayon Volcano have risen because of the unwritten tradition of stating narratives and passing them down to the following line of descent. First version The fable is about the narrative of a beautiful lady named Daragang Magayon who lives in Kabikolan before the separation of the Philippines to mainland Asia. At that clip. a maiden could non get married a adult male who lived outside the Kabikolan. Daragang Magayon rejected a native suer named Paratuga. He was rich but selfish. She confessed to her male parent. Tiong Makusog. who besides happened to be the head of the small town that she had fallen in love with a alien named Panganoron. who saved her from submerging. Her male parent loved her so much and told her that he would happen a manner to carry through the yearning of her bosom. The manipulative Paratuga decided to nobble Tiong Makusog to coerce Daragang Magayon to get married him. The lovely maiden did non hold a pick but to hold to the kidnapper’s demand. When Panganoron found out about the fraudulence. he attacked the small town of Paratuga. Equally shortly as he arrived at the nuptials ceremonial. Daragang Magayon hurried to his side but she was hit by a isolated pointer. As Panganoron lifted the fallen maiden. he was attacked from buttocks. The lovers died in that unfortunate event. Tiong Makusog buried his girl together with all her earthly ownerships that Paratuga had bestowed on her as marrying gifts such as gold and cherished rocks. To everyone’s surprise. the burial land began to lift a hebdomad after the entombment. There were ever white clouds vibrating on top of the hill. The hill grew bigger and bigger as clip passed. The fable goes on that the angry spirit of Paratuga sometimes attempts to unearth the grave of Daragang Magayon to acquire back the gold and cherished rocks that he gave her. which causes shudders and volcanic eruptions. He neer succeeds in his pursuit and ever ends up acquiring stones and lava from the vent. The cloud that hovers over the vent is said to be the spirit of Panganoron who still weeps over the loss of his love. His cryings fall to the Earth as raindrops. Second version There lived a adult male named Magayon who had a beautiful princess as a niece. He was enormously protective of her and neer allowed a adult male to come near adequate to inquire her manus. One twenty-four hours. a courageous warrior arrived and became attracted to the princess’ beauty. He asked the assistance of the air current to assist him go through through the royal chamber so he could entice the princess to run off with him. When the lovers left. Magayon followed them. The princess and the warrior asked the aid of the Gods to salvage them. Suddenly a landslide occurred and buried Magayon. Harmonizing to the fable. the eruption of Mt. Mayon is brought approximately by the choler of Magayon. Third version The 3rd version of the fable is told by Laura Agpay. a indigen of Bicol. There was one time a princess named Daragang Magayon. She lived in Bicol where her household reigned supreme over the full topographic point. She was known for her matchless beauty. Many warriors. princes and datus would go from different countries of the state in the hope of acquiring her manus in matrimony. Magayon did non like any of the royalties who were presented to her because her bosom has already been captured by a warrior and prince named Handiong. Unfortunately. Handiong hailed from the rival folk. the enemy of Magayon folk. Magayon and Handiong suffered enormously from their tribes’ efforts to divide them. When they could non stand being apart any longer. they fled. which resulted to a blood bath between the two enemy folks. The immature lovers could non accept the hurting and torture of the events that followed. The two decided to stop their lives. Even in decease. the folk separated the immature twosome. After several months. the Magayon folk noticed a vent turning in the topographic point where Magayon was buried. They named the vent â€Å"Bulkang Magayon† picturing its perfect form merely like their beautiful Daragang Magayon.

Epoxy Resins Essays - Adhesives, Synthetic Resins,

Epoxy Resins Epoxy resins The group of synthetic resins called epoxies produce the strongest adhesives in current use, as well as plastics and corrosion-resistant coatings. Epoxy adhesives are thermosetting; that is, after initial hardening, they cannot be remelted by heat. They have excellent resistance to solvents and weathering agents, and high electrical and temperature resistance. Their adhesion to almost any type of surface--including metal, ceramic, wood, and fabric--is unmatched. Epoxies are usually made by reacting epichlorohydrin and Bisphenol A to produce a polymer chain of somewhat complex structure. The end of the polymer chain is an epoxy group from epichlorohydrin; the resulting plastic receives its name from the end epoxy group. The unmodified epoxies are brittle; however, the properties of the cured resin can be varied widely by the selection of a suitable resin, curing agent, filler, and curing procedure. Flexible grades are modified with polyamines and polysulfides. Most epoxy formulations have two components that are mixed for curing. One-component epoxies are available that either contain a latent curing agent or are simply cured by absorption of oxygen from the air. Unlike most thermosetting plastics, epoxies shrink only slightly during curing. Epoxies can be used as filler-adhesives; the strength of the cemented joint is independent of its thickness. The epoxies are used as molding and potting compounds, reinforced plastics, surface finishes, and adhesives. Molding compounds are chiefly used by the electronic and electrical industries; potting compounds are poured to encapsulate small electronic parts. Epoxy paints have outstanding corrosion resistance and are permitted for use on food equipment such as flour bins and can coatings. Large and complex dies for the forming of metal sheet are made of epoxy and are often modified with powdered metal such as aluminum. Uses in construction include the repair and bonding of concrete and also epoxy terrazzo floors. Adolf Hitler Bibliography Lee, Henry, ed., Epoxy Resins (1970); Hilado, Carlos J., Carbon Reinforced Epoxy Systems (1984).

The American judicial system Essays

The American judicial system Essays The American judicial system Paper The American judicial system Paper The American judicial system, in theory, is supposed to be the great leveler among different groups; racial, gender, ethnic and class. However, there have been a number of cases in which the judicial system has fallen far short of what its design and function was meant to do under our Constitution. The Scottsboro Case and the hell that the judicial system put nine black boys, some as young as twelve, serves as an impediment to the belief that our judicial system is impartial. Even at the time of the trials, the all white Alabamian jury could feel that at least some of the boys were innocent. In the trial of one of the defendants, despite being found guilty of raping a white woman was not giving the death penalty. Up to that time, it would be the first time that such a lenient sentence would be given on such an offense. The trial showed the divisions within the community and the courthouse in which the trial was taking place as well as the country as a whole.To an alarming degree, the larger division that this trial highlighted was the differences in the feelings towards race which the country possessed. This does not hold true for the more than 130 million people living in America by 1931; saying that all Northerners were free from bigotry and all southerners were drowning themselves in it. However, the division that was present within the country was never shown so dark, then in their respective treatment of this trial and of the presumed guilt of these defendants. It would take decades until the Scottsboro boys and their own personal hell would be over. Some would be scarred, both mentally and physically, for the rest of their lives. What is equally as tragic, is that for African Americans, the thoughts of the Scottsboro Trial and the mishandling of justice, would only increase their suspicion towards America’s judicial system, and their increasing belief that in America, an African American would not, could not, be afforded a f air trial.It is discouraging to read of the details of the trial and what transpired in the days, weeks and years that the trial took place and the reactions to it. The troubles began on March 25, 1931 in which a number of both black and white teenage boys got into a fight while riding in a box car.[1] During the years of the Depression, this practice of free transportation was becoming more and more popular as the country went deeper and deeper into the Depression. There was a rumor of a government job in Memphis. During the trip, the white and black teenage boys got into a fight and the white boys were overpowered and thrown off of the train. The white boys told the authorities and a wire was sent to Paint Rock, Alabama and when the train stopped, the black boys were arrested. They were taken, bound together and then sent back to the jail in Scottsboro, Alabama. There were two young women on the train as well. Victoria Price and Rudy Bates, seventeen and twenty one years of age, w ere the ones who first levied these charges of rape against the boys.[2] When asked what their business was on the train, in order to mask the possibility of being charged under   the Mann Act which made it illegal to conduct immoral practices across state lines ( it was believed that the two were prostitutes) Victoria Price said that the African American boys on the train had raped her. This spread across the town like wild fire and by the end of that night, there were a several hundred men who were standing outside of the jail in which the boys were held and were looking to lynch the boys. The situation became so violent that Alabama’s governor B.M Miller ordered the National Guard to Scottsboro in order to avoid any attempt at a lynching.[3] The trial would soon begin.As the trial began, it became obvious, if it had not been done so already, the prevailing ideology of the Scottsboro pears as well as the belief of those, not only in the town but also the entire South. The re would be exceptions to this rule, but at least within the state of Alabama, it had been assumed that these boys, all of the boys, had been guilty of the crime of rape. In the days before the trial began, one local newspaper’s headline read: â€Å"All Negros Positively Identified While Nine Black Friends Committed Revolting Crime.†[4] Also, the defense for the boys was dubious at best. The parents of the defendants could afford to scrape together, only sixty dollars and with that money, obtained a real estate attorney named Stephen Roddy as well as Milo Moody, a seventy one year old lawyer who had not tried a case in years. The NAACP was reluctant to get involved in the case during the immediate days after the news hit the wire that these boys would be charged with rape. They would later get involved but not until the ACLU and the Communist Party took the lead in the defense of the boys. Attempts had been made to retain famed attorney Clarence Darrow for the trial bu t the powers that be, had waited too long and for better or worse, the American Communist Party had hired their own attorneys to defend the boys.This move was like adding salt to an open wound. â€Å"Hatred for Communists and the ACLU in Alabama, was only bested by the prevailing status quo’s hatred towards African Americans, especially regarding the crime of rape.†[5] It seemed that the Northern based ACLU and the Communist Party did not fully understand the prevailing ideology among the clear majority of southerners concerning their feelings for the party and its cause. It is unlikely that Clarence Darrow would have been able to obtain acquittals for the nine Scottsboro Boys, had he had the opportunity to be in the position for the defense. However, their fate was sealed when the Communist Party and the ACLU took any part in the trial. This does not speak to the quality of the defense that the above mentioned would have been able to provide for the boys, but rather, how they were regarded by the South. â€Å"The Communist Party was regarded as only slightly better than the perceived rapists that they were defending.†[6]   This would lead to a speedy trial and an even speedier guilty verdict.These attacks were obvious and certainly not subtle. In the closing arguments, Prosecutor Knight asked the jury: â€Å"whether or not justice in this case is going to be bought and sold with Jew money?†[7] The defense attorney seemed to agree and did not even offer a closing statement. The local papers described the trial as: â€Å"Almost perfect and a guilty verdict is to be assumed.†[8] The jury came back from deliberations and on the day of April 8, 1933, gives their answer as they deliberated for less than an hour and came back with nine guilty verdicts; eight were given the death penalty and twelve year old Roy Wright, was given a life sentence in prison. It was later said of the jury by the ACLU: â€Å"If you ever saw those crea tures, those bigots whose mouth are slits in their faces, whose eyes popped out at you like frogs, whose chins dripped tobacco juice, bewhiskered and filthy, you would not ask how they could do it.†[9]   More trials would continue and it would be many years until the boys, who had by then, become men, and were acquitted.The differences before, during and after the trial, concerning the beliefs of the South and the North was complete and absolute. There were exceptions of course but, by and large, the South, and especially, Alabama where the trial took place, did not look upon outsiders nicely. The efforts of the NAACP, the ACLU and the Communist Party; three groups which were never taken seriously or respected in the South, their involvement in what many believed to be â€Å"a matter for only southerners to decide,†[10] only heightened the feelings of distrust and hatred for the motivations of these above mentioned groups.   Never mind the fact that the actions of t he jurors, the prosecution as well as the white community at large concerning the prosecution of these boys was dubious at best, criminal and immoral at worst, a misplacement of justice was never more apparent than in this case When interviewed, one long time member of the town of Scottsboro, said of the defendants: â€Å"We ought to string up these nig-rs right now. They raped those girls as sure as day. We can save the county a whole lot of trouble and expenses with only a 30 cent piece of six foot rope.†[11] These sorts of comments, and there was no shortage by the white establishment when asked their opinion concerning the guilt or innocence of these boys, came not only from their racist feelings towards African Americans and their feelings against the crime of murder but also against people and groups who were labeled as â€Å"outside agitators† in relation to their involvement in this trial. Any outside sources which were used to defend the boys and therefore, us urp the authority of the state of Alabama, in the eyes of the town’s people, would lead to a strict response.Also, the views of the South in relation to the trial, could not escape the prevailing beliefs concerning the issue of race. In the state of Alabama, being part of the Deep South still had lingering effects of the Civil War and the institution of slavery. There were still some people who were alive and residing in the South who had fought in the Civil War and many more who had been influenced and still wished to continue the environment of Jim Crow and its laws on segregation and the perceived inferiority of African Americans. This way of thinking affected one of the plaintiffs before the case even went to trial. Rudy Bates, the seventeen year old who had said that the Scottsboro boys had raped her, had grown up in a very poor part of town and with her father out of the picture, Rudy and her mother were forced to live in the African American section of town. They were the only white family on the block. Before taking up residence in the house that she and her mother were living in at the time of the alleged rape, it was told to her by her new landlord. â€Å"Nigg-rs lived here before you.   I smell them.   You can’t get rid of that nig-er smell†[12] This was what was reported by Miss Hollace Randall. She ended her account of this aspect of the living conditions of Miss Bates by concluding: â€Å"Miss Bates looked apologetic and murmured that she had scrubbed the place down with soap and water. The house looked clean and orderly to me. I smelled nothing but then I have only a northern nose.†[13] This helped to sum up the differences in opinions among the northern and southern opinions concerning the case.There were bigots in the North as well as the South but there were differences. The ACLU, the NAACP and the American Communist Party, were all involved in the defense of the Scottsboro Boys and all came from the North. Thi s is beyond a coincidence as the defense would be hard pressed to find anyone of a reputable reputation, coming to the defense of the boys in what was a rape case in which race was at the center of the issue. Either a case in involving race or rape would be a trial in which many good hearted men and women, believing in the innocence of the defendants, would not feel so compelled to speak up as to the injustices that were occurring. When the two are combined, it became like finding a needle in the haystack concerning the attempt to find anyone within the Southern community to come to the defense of the boys. This would have helped in the defense of the boys as perhaps a respectable citizen from among the South and was respected by his own peers, was courageous enough to speak up for the defense of the boys. This would have had an n much more helpful reaction from those members of the jury who was suspicious of all those who came from outside of the South and who â€Å"stuck their no se where it did not belong.†[14] These feelings helped to mask the true issue at hand: nine innocent boys were being accused by two notorious women of questionable moral code, with the absence of any real proof and the fact that two doctors testified to the fact that there was no sign of the ripping or tearing of the private parts of either women. These seemed to elude the prosecution as well as the jurors who many have believed, â€Å"decided the guilt of the boys before the trial even began†[15] This seems to be a common theme among most misuses of our judicial system.Many in the South believed that claims of Price and Bates, despite the fact that most within the community has passed judgment upon these women and their lower social status and seemingly immoral sexual relationships with married men. Even the judge in the second trial, Judge Horton, when interviewed by Miss Hollace Ransdall in her famed report on the Scottsboro Trial for the ACLU, reported that the judg e commented, when describing one of the witnesses for the plaintiff: Well, we all know what his family is. ‘Her mother for instance’†¦ and he broke off as it was too obvious for words what his mother was like. I asked if he meant that the family was feeble minded or of a low mentality. No, not that, he replied, but†¦. ‘Well we know that they are not much good.’ He would commit himself no further.†Ã‚  [16] This was not taken into consideration: the disreputable character of the prosecution’s chief witness, yet the moral accounts of these nine boys, none of whom had ever been seen by the prosecution before this trial began and therefore, really had no way of being able to back up their opinions of these boys; these opinions which Ms. Ransdall detailed in her accounts of the trial and what the townspeople said were their opinions of the defendants. â€Å"They said that all Negroes were brutes and had to be held down by stern repressive measures or the number of rapes on white women would be larger than it is.   Their point seemed to be that it was only by ruthless oppression of the Negro that any white woman was able to escape raping at Negro hands.   A Negro will always, in their opinion, rape a white woman if he gets the chance.   These nine Negroes were riding alone with two white girls on a freight car.   Therefore, there was no question that they raped them, or wanted to rape them, or were present while the other Negroes raped them all of which amounts to very much the same thing in southern eyes and calls for the immediate death of the Negroes regardless of these shades of difference.†[17]   As one southerner in Scottsboro put it, We white people just couldnt afford to let these Niggers get off because of the effect it would have on other Niggers. This is why the society hated these boys and wanted to see them dead. Scottsboro had been hit hard by the Depression and when economic hardships come, prevailing racial bigotry always seems to intensify into a maddening fever. This was the case here.The Scottsboro Boys never had a chance at a fair trial in 1930’s Alabama. The legacy of slavery, the loss of the Civil War and Jim Crow laws was still too fresh in the minds of Southerners to allow nine black boys to be given a fair trial, along with even the possibility of being acquitted.   The demands were so high and the stakes so elevated by the opinions of the status quo, that there was little chance that the boys would be acquitted. Any chance at an acquittal was decreased any further when the defendants of the boys, were Northerners: the NAACP and groups which flaunted their communist beliefs or who were associated with communists. This acted as a double edged sword against the fairness of a trial. It seemed as though everything was working against the boys: They were black and the defendants were white. The crime that they were accused of was rape. The boyâ€⠄¢s defense came from the North and were groups which the jurors had an equally amount of mistrust and disdain against. They were outsiders who were defending perceived rapists. The Scottsboro boys never had a chance.This seemed to be the prevailing opinion among the Northern press as well. The Chicago Tribune, in an editorial, stated: â€Å"It seems doubtful that the defendants in this case, within the backdrop of Southern racism and bigotry, will be given a fair trial†¦. An acquittal is not expected.†[18] The New York Times mirrored such sentiments by stating that: â€Å"There has never been a more blatant misuse of justice than in Scottsboro, Alabama this week. These boys were innocent and the town knows it.† There were bigots in the North as their probably is to this day. The difference is that in comparison to the South, the North was a haven for progressive thought in which African Americans were treated with much more respect than their counterparts in the South.   The Civil War had been fought over the institution of slavery and the North had won. The North did not institute slavery because there was no need for it; no market in which to forcibly employ African Americans to work. This speaks to the same lack of interest in keeping African Americans in the same role of subjugation in the North than what many in the South felt to be necessary. There is no way of knowing whether these boys, had the accusations occurred in the North and a famed trial lawyer like Clarence Darrow or any defense attorney that would have been received more warmly by the jurors than the reception that the South gave the Communist Party in the Scottsboro trial. Perhaps, not even in the enlightened North, would all nine boys have been acquitted. What does seem more of a likelihood, the case would not have riled such a misuse of justice as the mitigating factors of race and sex would not have been viewed to such a degree of horror as it was in the South and wi th the absence of â€Å"outside agitators,† another excuse for a guilty verdict would have been vacated from the trial.In a final summation of the trial and the ideology which at the time, placed these boys in what would seem like the electric chair, ACLU representative Miss Hollace Ransdall stated: â€Å"We pride ourselves in this country upon having a free and compulsory educational system.   Why then did these young Negroes, all under age, not know how to read and write?   Because the subjugating white race is not concerned to see that black children go to school.   It is not to their interest to educate the Negro.   They profit too much by having a race under their feet that will do the dirtiest, the hardest of their work.   Southern whites feel to their marrow-bone only one thing about the Negro, and they say it over and over.   Hundreds of thousands of them have been saying it for generations.   They will continue to say it as long as anyone will listen.à ‚   It is their only answer to the Negro problem.   It is their reply to the questions of the Scottsboro case the Nigger must be kept down.†Ã‚  [19] These ideas and words were all too common in 1930’s Alabama as well as across the entire South. Feelings of racial superiority rose to the top with redoubled vigor as millions in the South were fighting for their own economic survival and with African Americans looking for much of the same, thus becoming a competitor towards the few jobs that were available, it seemed even less likely that a feeling of calm and respect could reside between the two races. As it became all too familiar, an opportunity in which the white majority in the South, had the opportunity to assert their superiority over the African American community in any way possible, this was sought after with a blinding resolve. In the process, nine boys, regardless of their eventual acquittal, went through hell for simply being in the wrong place at the wrong time, and in the opinion of the jury, being the wrong color as well.

A striking feature of weak states is that they face very few Essay

A striking feature of weak states is that they face very few challenges from the people living in them. Why do weak states persist - Essay Example Research and analysis revel that the major contributor of weak states’ persistence is international support and assistance. Political scientists’ perception about the concept of state relies on Max Weber’s definition which entitles state as a corporate group that: holds a certain jurisdiction; practices continuous organization; maintains monopoly of power over territory and its population, in addition to all activities in its jurisdiction. The concept is primarily based on empirical and de facto aspects of statehood. The test for Weber’s state is the claim to monopoly of force in its jurisdiction. It implies that if an internal or external group or organization gets the hold and monopolistic control of a certain jurisdiction, it becomes a state. When there are several groups contesting for the same territory, and none can get control over and practice monopolistic force, Weber attributes this situation as â€Å"statelessness† (qtd. in Jackson and Carl 2-3). According to Weber’s empirical approach to statehood, many African states can be disqualified from the status of being a state because they don’t practice monopoly of force over their territorial jurisdiction. Rivals to the national government effectively established monopoly in some of the cases. Absence of continuous control of a permanent political organization and anarchy exist in these states. Regardless of the lacking governmental control, anarchy, and uncertainty, these states persist as members of international society of states. If we consider that the empirical statehood led to the persistence of state, some of the African states must disqualify. However, they persist and none of the claimant governments who practiced de facto control could establish new states in the particular area (Jackson and Carl 3). States definition that is based on juridical attributes of statehood is Ian Brownlie’s. He defines state as a legal person authorized by international law.